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means a relationship where undertakings are linked by participations or capital ties other than those referred to in paragraphs (1) and (4) of Article 18 of the CRR.
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means a relationship of one of the following kinds:
(1) where an institution exercises a significant influence over one or more institutions or financial institutions, but without holding a participation or other capital ties in these institutions; or
(2) where two or more institutions or financial institutions are placed under single management other than pursuant to a contract or clauses of their memoranda or articles of association.